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Indian Patent Act and Rules

 

The Indian Patent Act, 1970, along with the Patent Rules, 2003, governs the protection of inventions in India. The Act defines what inventions are patentable, outlines the patent application process, and establishes the rights and obligations of patent holders.

The Patent Rules provide procedural guidelines for filing, examination, publication, opposition, and grant of patents. These rules have been amended multiple times to streamline the patent process and encourage innovation.

The latest amendments introduced through the Patents (Amendment) Rules 2024, aim to simplify compliance requirements, reduce timelines for examination, and improve efficiency in the Indian patent system.

Chapter I – Preliminary

Section 1 – Short title, extent and commencement
Section 2 – Definitions and interpretation

Chapter II – Inventions Not Patentable

Section 3 – What are not inventions
Section 4 – Inventions relating to atomic energy not patentable
Section 5 – Inventions where only methods or processes of manufacture patentable

Chapter III – Applications for Patents

Section 6 – Persons entitled to apply for patents
Section 7 – Form of application
Section 8 – Information and undertaking regarding foreign applications
Section 9 – Provisional and complete specifications
Section 10 – Contents of specifications
Section 11 – Priority dates of claims of a complete specification

Chapter IV – Publication and Examination of Applications

Section 11A –  Publication of Applications
Section 11B –  Request for examination

Section 12 – Examination of application
Section 13 – Search for anticipation by previous publication and by prior claim
Section 14 – Consideration of the report of examiner by Controller
Section 15 – Power of Controller to refuse or require amended applications, etc., in certain case
Section 16 – Power of Controller to make orders respecting division of application
Section 17 – Power of Controller to make orders respecting dating of application
Section 18 – Powers of Controller in cases of anticipation
Section 19 – Powers of Controller in case of potential infringement
Section 20 – Powers of Controller to make orders regarding substitution of applicants, etc
Section 21 – Time for putting application in order for grant
Section 22 – Acceptance of complete specification
Section 23 – Advertisement of acceptance of complete specification
Section 24 – Effect of acceptance of complete specification

Chapter IVA – Exclusive Marketing Rights (Omitted)

Section 24A- 24F – Application for grant of exclusive rights.

Chapter V – Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patents

Section 25 – Opposition to the patent
Section 26 – In cases of “obtaining” Controller may treat the patent as the patent of opponent
Section 27 – Refusal to patent without opposition
Section 28 – Mention of inventor as such in patent

Chapter VI – Anticipation

Section 29 – Anticipation by previous publication
Section 30 – Anticipation by previous communication to Government
Section 31 – Anticipation by public display, etc
Section 32 – Anticipation by public working
Section 33 – Anticipation by use and publication after provisional Specification
Section 34 – No anticipation if circumstances are only as described in sections 29, 30, 31 and 32

Chapter VII – Provisions for Secrecy of Certain Inventions

Section 35 – Secrecy directions relating to inventions relevant for defence purposes
Section 36 – Secrecy directions to be periodically reviewed
Section 37 – Consequences of secrecy directions
Section 38 – Revocation of secrecy directions and extension of time
Section 39 – Residents not to apply for patents outside India without prior permission
Section 40 – Liability for contravention of section 35 or section 39
Section 41 – Finality of orders of Controller and Central Government
Section 42 – Savings respecting disclosure to Government

Chapter VIII – Grant of Patents and Rights conferred thereby

Section 43 – Grant of patents
Section 44 – Amendment of patent granted to deceased applicant
Section 45 – Date of patent
Section 46 – Form, extent and effect of patent
Section 47 – Grant of patents to be subject to certain conditions
Section 48 – Rights of patentees
Section 49 – Patent rights not infringed when used on foreign vessels etc., temporarily or accidentally in India
Section 50 – Rights of co-owners of patents
Section 51 – Power of Controller to give directions to co-owners
Section 52 – Grant of patent to true and first inventor where it has been obtained by another in fraud of him
Section 53 – Term of patent

Chapter IX – Patents of Addition

Section 54 – Patents of addition
Section 55 – Term of patents of addition
Section 56 – Validity of patents of addition

Chapter X – Amendment of Applications and Specification

Section 57 – Amendment of application and specification or any document relating thereto before Controller
Section 58 – Amendment of specification before Appellate Board or High Court
Section 59 – Supplementary provisions as to amendment of application or specification

Chapter XI – Restoration of Lapsed Patents

Section 60 – Applications for restorations of lapsed patents
Section 61 – Procedure for disposal of applications for restoration of lapsed patents
Section 62 – Rights of patentees of lapsed patents which have been restored

Chapter XII – Surrender and Revocation of Patents

Section 63 – Surrender of patents
Section 64 – Revocation of patents
Section 65 – Revocation of patent or amendment of complete specification on directions from Government in cases relating to atomic energy
Section 66 – Revocation of patent in public interest

Chapter XIII – Register of Patents

Section 67 – Register of patents and particulars to be entered therein
Section 68 – Assignments, etc., not to be valid unless in writing and duly executed
Section 69 – Registration of assignments, transmissions, etc
Section 70 – Power of registered grantee or proprietor to deal with patent
Section 71 – Rectification of register by Appellate Board
Section 72 – Register to be open for inspection

Chapter XIV – Patent Office and Its Establishment

Section 73 – Controller and other officers
Section 74 – Patent office and its branches
Section 75 – Restriction on employees of patent office as to right or interest in patents
Section 76 – Officers and employees not to furnish information, etc

Chapter XV – Powers of Controller Generally

Section 77 – Controller to have certain powers of a civil court
Section 78 – Power of Controller to correct clerical errors etc
Section 79 – Evidence how to be given and powers of Controller in respect thereof
Section 80 – Exercise of discretionary powers by Controller
Section 81 – Disposal by Controller of applications for extension of time

Chapter XVI – Working of Patents, Compulsory Licences and Revocation

Section 82 – Definition of “patented articles” and “patentee”
Section 83 – General principles applicable to working of patented inventions
Section 84 – Compulsory licences
Section 85 – Revocation of patents by the Controller for non-working
Section 86 – Power of Controller to adjourn applications for compulsory licences, etc., in certain cases
Section 87 – Procedure for dealing with applications under sections 84 and 85
Section 88 – Powers of Controller in granting compulsory licences
Section 89 – General purposes for granting compulsory licences
Section 90 – Terms and conditions of compulsory licences
Section 91 – Licensing of related patents
Section 92 – Special provision for compulsory licences on notifications by Central Government
Section 93 – Order for licence to operate as a deed between parties concerned
Section 94 – Termination of compulsory licence
Section 95-98 – [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]

Chapter XVII – Use of Inventions For Purposes of Government and Acquisition of Inventions by Central Government

Section 99 – Meaning of use of invention for purposes of Government
Section 100 – Power of Central Government to use inventions for purposes of Government
Section 101 – Rights of third parties in respect of use of invention for purposes of Government
Section 102 – Acquisition of inventions and patents by the Central Government
Section 103 – Reference to High Court of disputes as to use for purposes of Government

Chapter XVIII – Suits Concerning Infringement of Patents

Section 104 –  Jurisdiction
Section 105 – Power of court to make declaration as to non-infringement
Section 106 – Power of court to grant relief in cases of groundless threats of infringement proceedings
Section 107 – Defences, etc., in suits for infringement
Section 108 – Reliefs in suit for infringement
Section 109 – Right of exclusive licensee to take proceedings against infringement
Section 110 – Right of licensee under section 84 to take proceedings against infringement
Section 111 – Restriction on power of court to grant damages or account of profits for infringement
Section 112 – Restriction on power of court to grant injunction in certain cases
Section 113 – Certificate of validity of specification and costs of subsequent suits for infringement thereof
Section 114 – Relief for infringement of partially valid specification
Section 115 – Scientific advisers

Chapter XIX – Appeals to the Appellate Board

Section 116 – Appellate Board
Section 117 – Staff of Appellate Board

Chapter XX – Penalties to the Appellate Board

Section 118 – Contravention of secrecy provisions relating to certain inventions
Section 119 – Falsification of entries in register, etc
Section 120 – Unauthorised claim of patent rights
Section 121 – Wrongful use of words “patent office”
Section 122 – Refusal or failure to supply information
Section 123 – Practice by non-registered patent agents
Section 124 – Offences by companies

Chapter XXI – Patent Agents

Section 125 – Register of patent agents
Section 126 – Qualifications for registration as patent agents
Section 127 – Rights of patent agents
Section 128 – Subscription and verification of certain documents by patent agents
Section 129 – Restrictions on practice as patent agents
Section 130 – Removal from register of patent agents and restoration
Section 131 – Power of Controller to refuse to deal with certain agents
Section 132 – Savings in respect of other persons authorised to act as agents

Chapter XXII – International Arrangements

Section 133 – Convention countries
Section 134 – Notification as to countries not providing for reciprocity
Section 135 – Convention applications
Section 136 – Special provisions relating to convention application
Section 137 – Multiple priorities
Section 138 – Supplementary provisions as to convention applications
Section 139 – Other provisions of Act to apply to convention applications

Chapter XXIII – Miscellaneous
Section 140 – Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions
Section 141 – Determination of certain contracts
Section 142 – Fees
Section 143 – Restrictions upon publication of specification
Section 144 – Reports of examiners to be confidential
Section 145 – Publication of official journal
Section 146 – Power of Controller to call for information from patentees
Section 147 – Evidence of entries, documents, etc
Section 148 – Declaration by infant, lunatic etc
Section 149 – Service of notices, etc., by post
Section 150 – Security for costs
Section 151 – Transmission of orders of courts to Controller
Section 152 – Transmission of copies of specifications, etc., and inspection thereof
Section 153 – Information relating to patents
Section 154 – Loss or destruction of patents
Section 155 – Reports of Controller to be placed before Parliament
Section 156 – Patent to bind Government
Section 157 – Right of Government to sell or use forfeited articles
Section 158 – Power of High Courts to make rules
Section 159 – Power of Central Government to make rules
Section 160 – Rules to be placed before Parliament
Section 161 – Special provisions with respect to certain applications deemed to have been refused under Act 2 of 1911
Section 162 – Repeal of Act 2 of 1911 in so far as it relates to patents and savings
Section 163 – Amendment of Act 43 of 1958

THE PATENTS RULES, 2003 (Updated till 2016 amendment)

Chapter I – Preliminary

Rule 1 – Short title and commencement
Rule 2 – Definitions
Rule 3 – Prescribed particulars
Rule 4 – Appropriate office
Rule 5 – Address for service
Rule 6 – Leaving and serving documents
Rule 7 – Fees
Rule 8 – Forms
Rule 9 – Size, etc., of documents

Chapter II – Application for Patents

Rule 10 – Period within which proof of the right under section 7(2) to make the application shall be furnished
Rule 11 – Order of recording applications
Rule 12 – Statement and undertaking regarding foreign applications
Rule 13 – Specifications
Rule 14 – Amendments to specifications
Rule 15 – Drawings
Rule 16 – Models

Chapter III – International Applications under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)

Rule 17 – Definitions
Rule 18 – Appropriate office in relation to international applications
Rule 19 – International applications filed with appropriate office as receiving office
Rule 20 – International applications designating or designating and electing India
Rule 21 – Filing of priority document
Rule 22 – Effect of non-compliance with certain requirements
Rule 23 – The requirements under this Chapter to be supplemental of the regulations, etc., under the Treaty

Chapter IV – Publication and Examination of Applications

Rule 24 – Publication of application
Rule 24-A – Request for publication
Rule 24-B – Examination of application
Rule 24-C – Expedited examination of applications
Rule 25 – Identification of published applications
Rule 26 – Request for withdrawal
Rule 27 – Inspection and supply of published documents
Rule 28 – Procedure in case of anticipation by prior publication
Rule 29 – Procedure in case of anticipation by prior claiming
Rule 30 – Amendment of the complete specification in case of anticipation
Rule 31 – Form of reference to another specification
Rule 32 – Procedure in case of potential infringement
Rule 33 – Form of reference to another patent
Rule 34 – Manner in which a claim under section 20(1) shall be made
Rule 35 – Manner in which a request may be made under section 20(4)
Rule 36 – Manner of application under section 20(5)
Rule 37 – Numbering of applications on the grant of patent
Rule 38 – [Omitted by Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005]

Chapter V – Exclusive Marketing Rights (Omitted)

Rule 39-54 – [Omitted by Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005]

Chapter VI – Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patents

Rule 55 – Opposition to the patent
Rule 56 – Constitution of Opposition Board and its proceeding
Rule 57 – Filing of written statement of opposition and evidence
Rule 58 – Filing of reply statement and evidence
Rule 59 – Filing of reply evidence by opponent
Rule 60 – Further evidence to be left with the leave of the Controller
Rule 61 – Copies of documents to be supplied
Rule 62 – Hearing
Rule 63 – Determination of costs
Rule 64 & 65 – [Omitted by Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005]
Rule 66 – Form of making a request under section 28(2)
Rule 67 – Form of making a claim under section 28(3)
Rule 68 – Form of application to be made under section 28(7)
Rule 69 – Procedure for the hearing of claim or an application under section 28
Rule 70 – Mention of inventor

Chapter VII – Secrecy Directions

Rule 71 – Permission for making patent application outside India under section 39
Rule 72 – Communication of result of reconsideration under section 36(2)

Chapter VIII – Grant of Patents

Rule 73 – [Omitted by Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005]
Rule 74 – Form of patent
Rule 75 – Amendment of patent under section 44
Rule 76 – Manner of applying for direction under section 51(1)
Rule 77 – Manner of application under section 51(2)
Rule 78 – Procedure for the hearing of proceedings under section 51
Rule 79 – Request under section 52(2)
Rule 80 – Renewal fees under section 53

Chapter IX – Amendment of Application, Specification or any Document Relating Thereto

Rule 81 – Amendment of application, specification or any document relating thereto
Rule 82 – Preparation of amended specifications, etc
Rule 83 – Publication of the amendment allowed

Chapter X – Restoration of Patents

Rule 84 – Restoration of patents
Rule 85 – Opposition to restoration under section 61
Rule 86 – Payment of unpaid renewal fees

Chapter XI – Surrender of Patents

Rule 87 – Surrender of Patents

Chapter XII – Register of Patents

Rule 88 – Register of patents under section 67
Rule 89 – [Omitted by Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2005]
Rule 90 – Registration of title and interest in patents
Rule 91 – Presentation of assignment, etc., of patent to Controller
Rule 92 – Registration of title or interest in a patent
Rule 93 – Entry of renewal fee
Rule 94 – Alteration of address
Rule 95 – Inspection of register of patents under section 72 and fees payable therefor

Chapter XIII – Compulsory Licence and Revocation of Patent

Rule 96 – Application for compulsory licence etc
Rule 97 – When a prima facie case is not made out
Rule 98 – Notice of opposition under section 87(2)
Rule 99 – Manner of publication of the revocation order
Rule 100 – Application under section 88(4)
Rule 101 – Procedure to be followed in case of applications under section 88(4)
Rule 102 – Application for termination of compulsory licence under section 94

Chapter XIV – Scientific Advisers

Rule 103 – Roll of scientific advisers
Rule 104 – Manner of application for inclusion in the roll of scientific advisers
Rule 105 – Inclusion of the name of any other person in the roll of scientific advisers
Rule 106 – Power to relax
Rule 107 – Removal of names from the roll of scientific advisers

Chapter XV – Patent Agents

Rule 108 – Particulars to be contained in the register of patent agents
Rule 109 – Application for registration of patent agents
Rule 110 – Particulars of the qualifying examination for patent agents
Rule 111 – Registration of patent agents
Rule 112 – Details to be included in an application for the registration of a patent agent
Rule 113 – Registration of patent agents under section 126 (2)
Rule 114 – Disqualifications for registration as a patent agent
Rule 115 – Payment of fees
Rule 116 – Removal of a name from the register of patent agents
Rule 117 – Restoration of name of persons removed from the register of patent agents
Rule 118 – Alteration of names, etc., in the register of patent agents
Rule 119 – Refusal to recognise as patent agent
Rule 120 – Publication of the names of patent agents, registered under the Act

Chapter XVI – Miscellaneous

Rule 121 – Period within which copies of specification etc. are to be filed
Rule 122 – Correction of clerical errors
Rule 123 – Manner of advertisement of the proposed correction of any error
Rule 124 – Manner and time of opposition to the making of corrections
Rule 125 – Notification of corrections
Rule 126 – Form, etc., of affidavits
Rule 127 – Exhibits
Rule 128 – Directions not otherwise prescribed
Rule 129 – Exercise of discretionary power by the Controller
Rule 130 – Application for review of decisions or setting aside of orders of the Controller
Rule 131 – Form and manner in which statements required under section 146(2) to be furnished
Rule 132 – Form of application for the issue of a duplicate patent
Rule 133 – Supply of certified copies and certificates under sections 72 and 147
Rule 134 – Request for information under section 153
Rule 135 – Agency
Rule 136 – Scale of costs
Rule 137 – Powers of Controller generally
Rule 138 – Power to extend time prescribed
Rule 139 – Hearing before the Controller to be in public in certain cases

Latest Amendments to the Indian Patent Rules (2024)

 

The Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2024, notified on 15 March 2024, introduced several procedural changes to streamline patent filing and prosecution in India. Some of the key updates are outlined below:

Reduced Timeline for Request for Examination (RFE)

The time limit for filing a Request for Examination has been reduced from 48 months to 31 months from the earliest priority date. This change aims to accelerate the patent examination process and reduce delays in obtaining patent rights.

Changes to Form-3 (Foreign Filing Information)

The amendment simplifies the requirements for submitting Form-3, which relates to details of corresponding foreign patent applications. Applicants now have clearer guidelines regarding when and how such information must be provided.

Revised Requirements for Form-27 (Working Statement)

The requirement to submit Form-27 has been modified. Instead of filing it every year, patentees are now required to submit the working statement once every three financial years, reducing compliance burden.

Introduction of Certificate of Inventorship

A new provision allows inventors to apply for a Certificate of Inventorship, enabling formal recognition of their contribution to the patented invention.

Procedural Streamlining and Digital Filing Improvements

The amendments also aim to improve administrative efficiency by simplifying certain procedural requirements and promoting smoother electronic filing and processing of patent applications.

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